3D Printed Multiple Renal Calculi

3D Printed Multiple Renal Calculi Clinical History A 68-year old male presented with fevers and rigors. Further questioning reveals a 6-month history of intermittent bilateral flank pain and haematuria. Biochemical investigations reveal significantly impaired renal function with a normal serum calcium. A CT abdomen showed bilateral hydronephrosis with multiple renal calculi as well as perinephric and subphrenic abscesses. He later died from progressive renal failure. PathologyThe specimen is patient’s kidney, which is grossly and partially bisected. There is gross dilatation of the pelvi-calyceal system visible. Significant atrophy of renal tissue can be seen, in some places being reduced to a mere rim. A large mottled brown-white calculus lies in the pelvis, and a smaller calculus occludes the ureter lumen. The ureter is dilated proximal to the impacted calculus. There are multiple calculi visible within the calyces of the specimen. Further InformationU